Образование имен существительных в английском языке

Разделы: Иностранные языки


Simple nouns have only one stem, e.g. a table, an apple, the Sun.
Derivative nouns are formed from simple nouns or other parts of speech by means of suffixes or prefixes, e.g. a lioness, strength, misunderstanding.
Compound nouns are formed by means of joining two or more stems, e.g. a railway, a letter-box.
The subject of this work is formation of derivative and compound nouns.

Suffixes:

1. -ess for formation from simple nouns, names of male beings, derivative nouns, names of female beings, e.g.

an actor – an actress (актриса)                             a poet – a poetess (поэтесса)
a waiter – a waitress (официантка)                      a host – a hostess (хозяйка)

2. -ship and -hood for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of state and status from simple nouns, e.g.

a friend – friendship (дружба)                              a member – membership (членство)
a child – childhood (детство)                               a priest – priesthood (духовенство)

3. -dom for formation derivative nouns from simple adjectives or nouns with the meaning of state or territory, e.g.

a bore – boredom (скука)                                       free – freedom (свобода)
a king – a kingdom (королевство)                        an official – officialdom (чиновничество)

4. -ism for formation derivative nouns from simple adjectives or nouns with the meaning of generalization of typical traits or ideological direction, e.g.

a hero – heroism (героизм)                                    a commune – communism (коммунизм)
a patriot – patriotism (патриотизм)                    Buddha – Buddhism (буддизм)

5. -ness for formation derivative nouns from adjectives with the meaning of quality or character, e.g.

neat – neatness (аккуратность)                           kind – kindness (доброта)
dark – darkness (темнота)                                   rough – roughness (грубость)

6. -ity for formation derivative nouns from adjectives with the similar meaning, e.g.

possible – possibility (возможность)                    similar – similarity (сходство)
advisable – advisability (благоразумие)                improbable – improbability (невероятность)

7. -th for formation derivative nouns from adjectives with the similar meaning, e.g.

wide – width (ширина)                                           strong – strength (сила)
true – truth (правда)                                              deep – depth (глубина)

8. -er, -or for formation derivative nouns denoting persons producing activity, from verbs, e.g.

to work – a worker (рабочий)                              to act – an actor (актер)
to lead – a leader (лидер)                                     to instruct – an instructor (инструктор)

9. -ion, -tion, -ation for formation derivative nouns denoting general notions (processes, states, characteristics) e.g.

to communicate – a communication (общение)         to interpret – an interpretation (интерпретация)
to intend – an intention (намерение)                          to accuse – accusation (обвинение)

10. -ment for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of the result of the action from verbs, e.g.

to fulfil – a fulfilment (выполнение)                             to develop – a development (развитие)
to arrange – an arrangement (договоренность)         to appoint – an appointment (назначение)

11. -ance, -ence for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of quality or state from verbs, e.g.

to disturb – disturbance (нарушение)                           to confid – confidence (уверенность)
to depend – dependence (зависимость)                       to admit – admittance (доступ)

12. -al for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of the result of the action from verbs, e.g.

to arrive – an arrival (прибытие)                                to form – formal (дорогоедлинноеплатье)
to refuse – a refusal (отказ)                                         remove – removal (перемещение)

13. -ee for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of what sb does, or who sb is ,from verbs or simple nouns, e.g.

to employ – employee                                                    to refuge – refugee
pay – payee

14. -ing for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of example or act, from verbs or simple nouns, e.g.

draw – drawing (рисунок)                                            to write – writing (документ)
build – building (постройка)                                       to play – playing (игра)

15. -eer for formation derivative nouns with the meaning of what activity sb does, from simple nouns, e.g.

an engine – engineer (инженер)                                 a mountain – mountaineer (альпинист)

16. -age for formation derivative nouns denoting quality or state from simple nouns, e.g.

aleak– leakage (утечка)
avicar– vicarage (должность приходского священника)

17. -ancy or -ency for formation abstract nouns from simple adjectives or verbs, e.g.

vacant – vacancy (вакансия)                                 to tend – tendency (склонность, тенденция)

18. -ty for formation abstract nons from simple adjectives, e.g.

cruel – cruelty (жестокость)                               banal – banality (банальность)

19. -y for formation abstract nouns from simple adjectives e.g.

difficult – difficulty (трудность)                             honest – honesty (честность)

20. -ician for formation derivative nouns denoting sb’s occupation, from simple nouns or adjectives, e.g.

music – musician (музыкант)                                    mathematics – mathematician (математик)
politic – politician (политик)                                     electric – electrician (электрик)

21. -ist for formation derivative nouns denoting persons produsing activity e.g.,

art – artist (художник)                                               journal – journalist (журналист)
telegraph – telegraphist (телеграфист)                    type – typist (машинистка)

22. -aholic, -oholic for formation derivative nouns denoting that person very, very love something or doing something e.g.,

book – bookaholic (страстныйкниголюб)              chocolate – chocoholic (сладкоежка)
work – workaholic (трудоголик)                               write – writaholic (человек, любящийписать)

23. -ant  for formation derivative nouns denoting person’s activities e.g.

accountant (бухгалтер)                                               assistant (помощник, ассистент)
combatant (воин, сторонник)                                      participant (участник)

24. -archy for formation derivative nouns denoting governmental and synonyms to it.

anarchy (анархия)                                                        patriarchy (патриархат)
monarchy (монархия)                                                   hierarchy (иерархия)

25. -arian for formation derivative nouns denoting association with subject, happening and concept.

agrarian (аграрий)                                                       vegetarian (вегетарианец)
humanitarian (гуманист)                                             librarian (библиотекарь)

26. -ary for formation derivative nouns denoting person’s description e.g.

luminary (светило)                                                       apothecary (аптекарь)
notary (нотариус)                                                        secretary (секретарь)

27. -craft for formation derivative nouns denoting means of conveyance, e.g.

aircraft(самолет, планер)                                           watercraft(судно, суда)
landing-craft(десантный корабль)                             spacecraft(космический корабль)

Prefixes:

1. anti- with the meaning of opposite or against, e.g.

anti-clockwise (против часовой стрелки)
antipoison (противоядие)

2. co- with the meaning of together, e.g.

co-worker (сотрудник)
co-existence (сосуществование)

3. post- denoting after, e.g.

 postgraduate (аспирант)
post-postscript (второйпостскриптум)

4. pre- denoting before, e.g.

pre-arrangement (предварительная договоренность)
prepossession (предрасположение)

5. pro- denoting in favour of, e.g.

pronoun (местоимение)
proverb (пословица)

6. trans- denoting across, e.g.

to transplant – transplantation (пересадка)
to transpose transposition (перемещение)

7. de- with the meaning of opposite, e.g.

de-icier (антиобледенитель)
dehydration (обезвоживание)

8. ex- denoting previous, e.g.

ex-husband (бывший муж)
ex-president (бывший президент)

9. macro- with the meaning of large, e.g.

macro-economics (макроэкономика)
macrobiotic (долголетие)

10. micro- with the meaning of very small, e.g.

micro-electronics (микроэлектроника)
microscope (микроскоп)

11. mini- with the meaning of small, e.g.

mini hi-fi (мини музыкальный центр)
minibus (микроавтобус)

12. mono- with the meaning of one, e.g.

monorail (монорельсовая железная дорога)
monotone (монотонность)

13. multi- with the meaning of many e.g.

multiformity (многообразие)
multimillionaire (мультимиллионер)

14. semi- with the meaning of half, e.g.

semi-circle (полукруг)
semi-basement (полуподвал)

15. sub- with the meaning of under or less and lower, e.g.

subtitle (подзаголовок)                                                 submarine (подводнаялодка)
subcommittee (подкомитет)                                       subsoil (подпочва)

Compound nouns are formed by means of a combination of two or more stems, creating a word with indivisible meaning e.g.

  • a workman (рабочий), a railway (железная дорога), a blackboard (классная доска), a snowball (снежный ком, снежок), quicksilver (ртуть) , etc.
  • a girl-friend (подруга), a family-name (родовая фамилия), a letter-box (почтовый ящик), a writing-table (письменный стол), a pen-name (литературный псевдоним).

Compound nouns, formed of three stems or having a preposition as a part, are written as following:
a mother-in-law (свекровь, теща), an editor-in-chief (главный редактор), a forget-me-not (незабудка), a merry-go-round (карусель), a might-have-been (упущенная возможность)

Литература:

  1. Словообразование: Справочник по английскому языку. А. Кейпл, Л. Хислип, М. Майер, Д. Уильямсон. Пер. с англ. В.Ф. Карпушенко. – М.: ООО «Издательство Астрель»; ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2003.
  2. Дроздова Т.Ю., Берестова А.И., Маилова В.Г. English Grammar: Reference and Practice: Учебное пособие для старшеклассников школ и гимназий, студентов неязыковых вузов с углубленным изучение англ. языка. – СПб.: Антология, 2003.
  3. Англо-русский словарь. Мюллер В.К. Издательство «Советская энциклопедия» – М.: 1971.
  4. “FCE Use of English – 1”. Virginia Evans, Express Publishing, 1998.

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